The localiser antenna is located on the extended runway centreline approximately 300 metres beyond the runway end that indicate the direction of the runway. The UHF beams provide a lower and upper range of slope upon which the aircraft is to track to enable it to land at the required touchdown location on the runway. The glidepath antenna emits two Ultra High Frequency (UHF) beams to a distance of 10 nautical miles. The glidepath antenna is located adjacent to runway (directly opposite the touchdown location), approximately 340 metres from the start of the runway. The glideslope provides the vertical guidance and tells the pilot if they are high or low and helps them in descending at the correct rate. The localiser is a radio transmitter that communicates with the aircraft to provide horizontal guidance and tells the pilot if they are left or right of the runway centreline and aligns it with the runway. The airfields taking diverted traffic could then also become subject to delays because of the extra traffic. This further decreases capacity and leads to delays, which can build very rapidly, which often result in diversions. Increasing the time between arrivals decreases the number of aircraft that can land during fog. The time between aircraft landing increases by up to 50 per cent. The different categories of ILS and the operating minimum RVR for each category is given in the table below: There are various categories of ILS, which aid the pilots’ descent up to touch down. Although difficult, landing a plane in foggy conditions is perfectly possible with the airports help of an ILS, which guides planes down to the tarmac using radio signals. For pilots, when Cockpit view disappears, they purely rely on instruments and aids for landings and take offs. The 360-degree view from the Air Traffic Control (ATC) towers fades as the fog descends, forcing controllers to use electronic aids, such as surface movement radar and switch to ‘low visibility procedures’ to maintain safe and efficient flow of traffic. An airport should also be equipped with HIAL- high intensity airfield lights to locate runway and taxiways, ILS and RVR system to provide the latest visibility on runway and surface movement radar for monitoring and controlling ground movement. This procedure is of much help in enabling airline operators to enhance on-time performance.įor any low visibility operation, it is important for an airport to be qualified, an aircraft to be certified and the pilots to be CAT-III rated. LVTO has been formulated and established by AAI for airports like Patna, Ahmedabad, Bengaluru, Guwahati and Varanasi, where there is no CAT-II and CAT-III operations. In the national capital, the aircraft can take off up to a minimum RVR of 75 metres. The Airports Authority of India (AAI) has also formulated Low Visibility Procedure for Take-Off (LVTO) when the Runway Visual Range (RVR) falls below 400 metres. The ILS provides the lateral and vertical guidance necessary to fly a precision approach. It is an accurate and dependable means of navigating to the runway in Instrument Flight Rules (IFR) conditions. ILS is a standard International Civil Aviation Organisation (ICAO) precision landing aid that is used to provide accurate azimuth and descent guidance signals to aircraft for landing on the runway under normal or adverse weather conditions. Five airports in India - Delhi, Kolkata, Lucknow, Jaipur, and Amritsar are equipped with CAT IIIB Instrument Landing System (ILS), which enables the aircraft to land when the visibility is down to 50 metres. Low Visibility Procedures are specific measures taken at an aerodrome to ensure safe operations during Category (CAT) II/III approaches and low visibility take-offs.
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